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Tyrian purple
Tyrian purple (Greek, , ''porphyra'', (ラテン語:purpura)), also known as Tyrian red, royal purple, imperial purple or imperial dye, is a bromine-containing reddish-purple natural dye. It is a secretion produced by several species of predatory sea snails in the family Muricidae, rock snails originally known by the name ''Murex''.
==Background==
Tyrian purple may first have been used by the ancient Phoenicians as early as 1570 BC.〔McGovern, P.e.; Michel, R.H Royal Purple dye: tracing the chemical origins of the industry, Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 1514A-1522A〕 The dye was greatly prized in antiquity because the colour did not easily fade, but instead became brighter with weathering and sunlight. Its significance is such that the name Phoenicia means 'land of purple.'〔Cunliffe, Barry. Europe Between the Oceans; 9000 BC-AD 1000. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 241.〕〔("Phoenician", ) ''Online Etymology Dictionary''.〕 It came in various shades, the most prized being that of "blackish clotted blood".
Tyrian purple was expensive: the 4th-century-BC historian Theopompus reported, "''Purple for dyes fetched its weight in silver at Colophon''" in Asia Minor.〔Theopompus, cited by Athenaeus (12:526) around 200 BC; according to Gulick, Charles Barton 1941. ''Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.〕 The expense meant that purple-dyed textiles became status symbols, and early sumptuary laws restricted their uses. The production of Tyrian purple was tightly controlled in Byzantium and was subsidized by the imperial court, which restricted its use for the colouring of imperial silks.〔David Jacoby, "Silk in Western Byzantium before the Fourth Crusade" in ''Trade, Commodities, and Shipping in the Medieval Mediterranean'' (1997) pp. 455f and notes 17–19.〕 Later (9th century)〔Porphyrogennetos" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford, 1991, p. 1701. ISBN 0195046528〕 a child born to a reigning emperor was said to be ''porphyrogenitos'', "born in the purple".
In Biblical Hebrew, the dye extracted from the ''Bolinus brandaris'' is known as ''argaman'' (''ארגמן''). Another dye extracted from a related sea snail, ''Hexaplex trunculus'', produced a blue colour called ''tekhelet'' (''תְּכֵלֶת''), used in garments worn for ritual purposes.〔O. Elsner, "Solution of the enigmas of dyeing with Tyrian purple and the Biblical tekhelet", ''Dyes in history and Archaeology'' 10 (1992) p 14f.〕
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